Causes and consequences of batteries’ ageing in grid integration scenarios.

Abstract

This paper presents results arising from a preliminary study preceding the demonstration work related to the IntegER project. It aims to describe how the ageing of electrochemical batteries is influenced by the operating conditions and how this ageing impact the techno-economic capabilities of the batteries all along its lifetime. The state-of-charge, the temperature, the depth-of-discharge and the cycling-rate are identified as the main influencing factors of ageing. Ageing cause both a capacity fade and a power capability loss. Only the capacity fade has a noticeable impact on the economic benefits of batteries. Simulations of practical cases using recently published analytical model of ageing have been done. It highlights that unexpected operational failures might happen if ageing is not considered while batteries are sized. Otherwise, it is shown that for a given service, the lifetime, and therefore the total benefits, of batteries of different sizes is approximately the same. Finally, the impact of ageing on economic benefits is shown to be minimal in grid upgrade deferral scenario