Electric vehicles charging in unbalanced Belgian low-voltage grids: a case study

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) present several environmental advantages: reduced noise pollution, reduced particulate matter emissions due to the wear of brake pads due to regenerative braking and reduced CO2 emissions in the atmosphere if powered, at least in part, from renewable sources. The number of EVs being sold in Europe is growing every year. However, it is not fully clear how their use will affect the operation of the electric power system, given the increased energy and power demand to charge EV batteries. This paper addresses the case of EVs drawing charging power from residential low voltage (LV) distribution grids. Different charging strategies are explored, to assess which ones allow a greater number of EVs to be connected without compromising the safe operation of the grid, and without reinforcing the existing infrastructure. It is furthermore discussed whether the EVs are charged sufficiently to perform their assigned trips, which is a matter of great importance, given the attachment to the value proposition of personal transport.